PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM CYTISUS SCOPARIUS

Quinolizidine alkaloids and phenylethylaminetyramine in various parts of the plant from different localities in Germany, Russia, Italy, and France were analyzed by capillary GLC. Sparteine and sparteine-derivatives like 11, 12-dehydrosparteine is predominant in shoots and flowers whereas lupanine-type alkaloids are mainly accumulated in seeds, pods and roots. Quinolizidine alkaloids namely, anagyrine, angustifoline, 13- hydroxyanagyrine, 13- acetoxyanagyrine, dehydroangustifoline, N-methyl angustifoline, cytisine, N-methyl cytisine, N-formylcytisine and sparteine were isolated from stem, leaf, seed, and root, pericarp and seed pods of Cytisus scoparius plant. A new ester alkaloid, (-)-3β-hydroxy-13α- tigloyloxylupanine, was isolated from the seedlings of C. scoparius. Six known alkaloids, (-)-3β, 13α -dihydroxylupanine, (+)-13α -tigloyloxylupanine, (+)-13α -hydroxylupanine, (+)-lupanine, (-)-sparteine and (-)-17-oxosparteine were also identified by co-TLC, co-HPLC and GCMS with authentic samples. 3α, 13α –dihydroxylupanine was identified from the seedlings of C. scoparius. 4, 13-dihydroxy lupanine, 3α, 13α –diacetoxylupanine and 3β, 13α –diacetoxylupanine were isolated from the seed of C. scoparius. Sarothamine was recognized from fruit part of C. scoparius. Multiflorine was separated from stem part plant of this plant. Another quinolizidine alkaloid of tetra hydro rhombifoline was isolated from different parts of plant such as, leaf &stem, leaf, seed and seedling.

Some alkaloid compounds like lupanine, hydroxylupanine, 4-hydroxy lupanine, 13-hydroxy lupanine, 13-angeloyl oxy lupanine, 13- benzoyl oxy lupanine, 13-tigloyl oxylupanine, 13-cinnamoyl oxy lupanine and 13-tigloyl oxy lupanine were identified from the plant. A new lupine alkaloid, (-)-3β, 13α-dihydroxylupanine was isolated from Cytisus scoparius together with 5 known sparteine-type lupine alkaloids and tyramine. The absolute structure of the new alkaloid was confirmed by comparison of the natural product with the synthetic sample derived from (+)-13-hydroxylupanine. It was also shown that the alkaloid constituents of Cytisus scoparius differed considerably in the root, seed pods, and leaf, stem and seeds. The phytoconstituents genisteine was isolated from fruit of Cytisus scoparius. From cell suspension cultures of Sarothamnus scoparius and Orobancherapum-genistae, quinolizidine alkaloid composition was described. The alkaloid composition of Sarothamnus scoparius cell cultures plants and of its root parasite Orobancherapum-genistae were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and capillary GLC/mass spectrometry. The plant was found to contain the already known isosparteine, spar-teine, 17 - oxosparteine, lupanine and other quinolizidine alkaloids such as ammodendrine, N-methylangustifoline, α-isolupanine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, 17- oxolupanine and five 13-hydroxylupanine esters. Two new alkaloids could be identified, a dehydrosparteine (presumably the 11, 12-dehydro derivative) and a dihydroxylupanine (presumably 4, 13-dihydroxylupanine).

Alkenol, benzenoid, phenyl propanoid and flavonol

The essential oil of fresh flower of Cytisus scoparius contained cis-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenol, cresols, guaiacol, eugenol, benzoic acid, palmitic acid, 8 fatty acids, and n-paraffins. orobol, genistein, quercetin, aesculetin, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid were isolated from the residue after steam distillation of ethereal extract. Another phenypropanoid, syringin was isolated from the bark of Cytisus scoparius [46]. 3-hydroxy tyramine isolated from fruit of Cytisus scoparius.

Carotenoid, alicyclic compound and alkanone

Chrysanthema xanthin and xanthophylls were obtained from the plant in earlier investigation. Chromatographic separation of the epiphasic carotenoids of the plant showed the presence of b-, α-, and γ-carotenes. Cis lutein, 5, 6 epoxide and trans lutein, 5, 6 epoxide were isolated from the plant. Tominaga and Dubourdieu identified of 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one from broom Sarothamnus scoparius.

Flavonol

Flavonol compounds like kaempferol, 3'-O-methylorobol, 3´-o-methyl, 7-glucosyl orobol, quercetin, scoparin, and b-sitosterol& its glucoside were separated from the methanol extract of Cytisus scoparius. The plant constituents like coumarin derivatives (aesculetin and scoparone) [42, 44], flavonols (rutin, kaempferol, 4‟O-b-D-glucosidekaempferol, isorhamnetin, spiraeoside, quercetin & quercitrin and isoflavone (genistin & genistein) were isolated from the different parts of plant.

Flavone

Scoparin, vitexin, and orientin were isolated from blossoms of Cytisus scoparius. A new C-glycosylflavone, 6´´ O- acetyl scoparin were isolated from twigs of Sarothamnus scoparius.

Isoflavone

The new isoflavoneglucoside, 7-glucosyl-3'-O-methylorobol was isolated from flowers of C. scoparius. The known compounds 3'-O-methylorobol and genistein were also obtained. Sarothamnoside (genistein 7, 4´-di O-[4-O- b-D-glucopyranosyl-b-D- apifuranoside]), a novel isoflavone glycoside, has been isolated from Sarothamnus scoparius.

Steroid, lipid and monoterpene

Steroid compounds such as cholesterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmast-7-en, 3-ol were isolated from seed oil of Cytisusscoparius. Kurhara and Kikuchi isolated some lipids like arachidic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, oenathic acid, pelargonic acid from flower essential oil. Linalool is the mono terpene, which was separated from flower essential oil.

Source: Dr. S. Raja, et al. Cytisus Scoparius: A Review of Ethnomedical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Information. Indo American Journal Of Pharm Research.2014:4(04).

Active constituent of Cytisus scoparius

Source: Dr. S. Raja, et al. Cytisus Scoparius: A Review of Ethnomedical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Information. Indo American Journal Of Pharm Research.2014:4(04).

Pharmacological activity of Cytisus scoparius

The pharmacological studies conducted on Cytisus scoparius indicates the immense potential of this plant in the treatment of conditions such as diarrhea, fungal & enteritis, wounds, acne, dental plaque, malaria, allergies, coughs, diabetes, cardiovascular disorder, degenerative muscular diseases, inflammatory ailments including rheumatism & menstrual pain, liver diseases and cancer, etc. Further research, clinical trials and product development can only strengthen Cytisus scoparius as a very important part of our biodiversity to respect and sustainably use for generations to come.

Source: Dr. S. Raja, et al. Cytisus Scoparius: A Review of Ethnomedical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Information. Indo American Journal Of Pharm Research.2014:4(04).

Introduction of Cytisus scoparius

Cytisus scoparius

Cytisus scoparius, the common broom or Scotch broom, syn. Sarothamnus scoparius, is a perennial leguminous shrub.

Classification

Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Genus:	Cytisus
Species:	C. scoparius

Description

Plants of Cytisus scoparius typically grow to 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) tall, rarely to 4 m (13 ft), with main stems up to 5 cm (2.0 in)thick, rarely 10 cm (3.9 in). The shrubs have green shoots with small deciduous trifoliate leaves 5–15 mm long, and in spring and summer is covered in profuse golden yellow flowers 20–30 mm from top to bottom and 15–20 mm wide. Flowering occurs after 50–80 growing degree days. In late summer, its legumes (seed pods) mature black, 2–3 cm long, 8 mm broad and 2–3 mm thick; they burst open, often with an audible crack, forcibly throwing seed from the parent plant. This is the hardiest species of broom, tolerating temperatures down to about −25 °C (−13 °F). C. scoparius contains toxic alkaloids that depress the heart and nervous system.

Distribution and habitat

Cytisus scoparius is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils at low altitudes. In some places outside of its native range, such as India, South America and western North America, particularly Vancouver Island, it has become an ecologically destructive colonizing invasive species in grassland, shrub and woodland, and other habitats. It is common in Great Britain and Ireland.

As a legume, this shrub can fix nitrogen in the soil through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria.

Phytochemicals

The characteristic constituents are biogenic amines (mostly tyramine in the young shoots), flavonoids (spiraeoside and scoparoside), isoflavones and their glycosides (genistin), as well as allelopathic quinolizidine alkaloids (mostly sparteine, lupanine, scoparin and hydroxy-derivatives), which defend the plant against insect infestation and herbivory (with the exception of the resistant Aphis cytisorum).

Source:
1) Dr. S. Raja, et al. Cytisus Scoparius: A Review of Ethnomedical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Information. Indo American Journal Of Pharm Research.2014:4(04).

2) Natural Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.). Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Scotch broom. Retrieved February 26th, 2016, from Natural Resources Conservation Service: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=cysc4#